Class Management Strategies Essays

Class Management Strategies Essays Class Management Strategies Essay Class Management Strategies Essay Pink Assessment Techniques Green Questioning Red Areas where Differentiation is possible Pupils line up outside the classroom Silence while I tell the pupils that their starter activity is on the board that they are to come in silently and begin. They are to put their hand up when they are finished. Written on board The questions we shall answer in todays lesson are What is weathering? What is erosion? What are the three different types of weathering? What type of weathering is acid rain? What does a rock most affected by acid rain contain? Which rock is least affected by acid rain? Starter activity to read in silence pages 98-99 (Book Eureka 2G) Brief Question and Answer Session Which of the questions written on the board can we now answer after reading pages 98 ; 99? Teacher Explanation of Weathering and Erosion Stress not strictly caused by the weather as the name suggests! We cause weathering, as do plants and trees. State strongly that weathering and erosion are different and the difference between them. Photograph Acetates Show colour acetates of impressive examples of weathering house crumbling into the sea, newspaper article detailing the damage caused by tree roots growing into buildings etc. this will make the topic relevant and real to the pupils. Book Work Title in books Weathering and Erosion (UNDERLINE) Use your books to find the formal definitions of weathering and erosion. Look in the Glossary at the back of the book (Class 8T not told where to look) Partner Work Use these definitions to explain the difference between the two to a non scientist, pretend the person sitting next to you is a non scientist and take it in turn to explain! State time limit 10 minutes Circulate the class to help students who are struggling and to listen in on some explanations. Board Work and Teacher Explanation Bring the class back together to confirm definitions and difference. Three different types of Weathering sub-heading in book There are three different types of weathering 1. Physical Weathering 2. Biological Weathering 3. Chemical Weathering Write these in book Teacher Explanation Show colour acetates of photographs that demonstrate the affect acid rain has on statues and buildings made of different types of rocks. Explain how acid rain is caused and the consequences of acid rain. Acid rain acetate allow pupils time to copy the key points off the acetate. Colour in the rain red to signify that this is chemical weathering. Partner Work Ask the children to think about why some of the rocks have been weathered much more than others talk to the person next to you about a possible explanation? Time limit 5 minutes Worksheet Gain class attention (I am waiting for silence, and then use individual pupil names if necessary) Wait for total silence and whole class attention before you tell them you will be handing out a worksheet with the following questions on to be stuck into the childrens books. Acetate Rain water is naturally slightly acidic. Carbon dioxide from the air dissolves into the rain water turning it slightly naturally acidic. Carbon dioxide + water = carbonic acid Fossil fuels contain sulphur, when they are burned they produce sulphur dioxide. When sulphur is burnt in air this happens! Sulphur + oxygen = sulphur dioxide Sulphur dioxide is acidic! Sulphur dioxide dissolves into rain water to produce an acid called sulphuric acid this very acidic! Rocks containing calcium carbonate will be weathered most quickly by acid rain because the carbonate reacts with the acid in the rain Fast finishers to read about consequences of acid rain on page 45. Class Practical Gain class attention Count to three, eyes and ears on me! Praise those as they begin to pay attention with each number counted down one well done girls thank you, Two good back row, Three! Tell this background story for the experiment: It is the year 3000 rain water has become extremely acidic due to all the fossil fuels being burnt! Houses are being weathered away by the second; this has major implications for the economy of Britain ask what economy is. The Government has employed you to discover which rock they should build houses out of in order to prevent this type of weathering ruining all their future building work! You must carry out an experiment to test Granite, Limestone, Sandstone, Chalk and Marble. Provide the class with a worksheet that reiterates the story and the experiment they are to carry out. (See Appendix 1) Carrying out the Practical Vicky to hand out 8 glue sticks (know how many go out count them back in) Use pages 14 15 to answer the following questions state 10 min time limit. Alex to hand out the worksheets A bucket has been placed at the front to empty used rock samples into. One jar of acid rain will be placed on each bench. One jar of each rock will also be placed on each bench. You shall be working individually for this experiment at your own work bench. Santosha to give out the glass dishes 28 Nick to give out the pipettes 28 Rachael to give out the stop clocks 28 I Will Demonstrate how to Carry Out Experiment Carry out the experiment and then clear away all practical equipment once you have completed the experiment. Writing the Report Following this write a report for the government saying what you had to do, what you discovered and state which rock they should build houses out of and why! Everyone who finishes the report 20 minutes before to the bell will get a merit. Fast finishers are to write a poem about acid rain to give other children a chance to catch up before the plenary session. Plenary Session Plenary session involves white boards to be used for a question and answer session Exercise books to be collected in today pass them to the inside end of the benches along with the text books and will Nick, Adam, Jason and Michaela please bring them to my desk. Some of the words children will be tested on placed on OHT a few minutes to revise while I check the homeworks those who have not completed the homework will be asked to stay behind after this lesson and complete. (BREAK-TIME) White board Questions What type of weathering is acid rain? Rain water is naturally acidic, what dissolves into rain water to produce this slight acidity? What dissolves into rain water to cause acid rain? Which rock would be best to build houses out of in order to withstand the affects of acid rain? Which rock would you not want to build houses out of with consideration to acid rain? What do the rocks which react most readily with acid rain contain? (slightly harder question) What is this a definition of Wearing away of rock by a physical or chemical process Wearing away of rock while it is being transported Dismissal of Class Stand behind benches ask Vicky, Lee, Jamie and Danny to check the sinks which row will be the first to go? Dismiss rows in the order in which they became silent first.

Understanding Corium and Radioactivity After a Meltdown

Understanding Corium and Radioactivity After a Meltdown The most dangerous radioactive waste in the world is likely the Elephants Foot, the name given to the solid flow from the nuclear meltdown at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant on April 26, 1986. The accident occurred during a routine test when a power surge triggered an emergency shutdown that didnt go as planned. Chernobyl The core temperature of the reactor rose, causing an even greater power surge, and the control rods that might otherwise have managed the reaction were inserted too late to help. The heat and power rose to the point where the water used to cool the reactor vaporized, generating pressure that blew the reactor assembly apart in a powerful explosion.   With no means to cool the reaction, the temperature ran out of control. A second explosion threw part of the radioactive core into the air, showering the area with radiation and starting fires. The core began to melt, producing a material resembling hot lava- except that it was also wildly radioactive. As molten sludge oozed through the remaining pipes and melted concrete, it eventually hardened into a mass resembling the foot of an elephant or, to some viewers, Medusa, the monstrous Gorgon from Greek mythology. Elephants Foot The Elephants Foot was discovered by workers in December 1986. It was both physically hot and nuclear-hot, radioactive to the point that approaching it for more than a few seconds constituted a death sentence. Scientists put a camera on a wheel and pushed it out to photograph and study the mass. A few brave souls went out to the mass to take samples for analysis. Corium What researchers discovered was that the Elephants Foot was not, as some had expected, the remnants of the nuclear fuel.  Instead, it was a mass of melted concrete, core shielding, and sand, all mixed together. The material was named corium after the portion of the reactor that produced it.   The Elephants Foot changed over time, puffing out dust, cracking, and decomposing, yet even as it did, it remained too hot for humans to approach. Chemical Composition Scientists analyzed the composition of corium to determine how it formed and the true danger it represents. They learned that the material formed from a series of processes, from the initial melting of the nuclear core into the Zircaloy (a trademarked zirconium alloy) cladding to the mixture with sand and concrete silicates to a final lamination as the lava melted through floors, solidifying. Corium is essentially a heterogeneous silicate glass containing inclusions: uranium oxides (from the fuel pellets)uranium oxides with zirconium (from the melting of the core into the cladding)zirconium oxides with uraniumzirconium-uranium oxide (Zr- U-O)zirconium silicate with up to 10% uranium [(Zr,U)SiO4, which is called chernobylite]calcium aluminosilicatesmetalsmaller amounts of sodium oxide and magnesium oxide If you were to look at the corium, youd see black and brown ceramic, slag, pumice, and metal. Is It Still Hot? The nature of radioisotopes is that they decay into more stable isotopes over time. However, the decay scheme for some elements might be slow, plus the daughter, or product, of decay might also be radioactive.   The corium of the Elephants Foot was considerably lower 10 years after the accident but still insanely dangerous. At the 10-year point, radiation from the corium was down to 1/10th its initial value, but the mass remained physically hot enough and emitted enough radiation that 500 seconds of exposure would produce radiation sickness and about an hour was lethal. The intention was to contain the Elephants Foot by 2015 in an effort to diminish its environmental threat level. However, such containment doesnt make it safe. The corium of the Elephants Foot might not be as active as it was, but its still generating heat and still melting down into the base of Chernobyl. Should it manage to find water, another explosion could result. Even if no explosion occurred, the reaction would contaminate the water. The Elephants Foot will cool over time, but it will remain radioactive and (if you were able to touch it) warm for centuries to come. Other Sources of Corium Chernobyl isnt the only nuclear accident to produce corium. Gray corium with patches of yellow also formed in partial meltdowns at Three Mile Island nuclear power plant in the U.S. in March 1979 and Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant in Japan in March 2011. Glass produced from atomic tests, such as trinitite, is similar.